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Voltaire Iconographykeyboard_arrow_rightThemed Collectionskeyboard_arrow_rightJean Huber

Jean Huber

Sofya Dmitrieva

VI72

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI79

Jean Huber1773-1775
VI105

VI105

Jean Huber1770-1775
VI109

VI109

Jean Huber1778
VI110

VI110

Jean Huber1777-1778
VI118

VI118

Jean Huber1768
VI163

VI163

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1790
VI203

VI203

Thomas Hollowayafter Jean Huber1791
VI204

VI204

Anonymous artistafter Nicolas-François Le Vachez1778
VI214

VI214

Oudenafter Jean Huber1784-1802
VI222

VI222

Anonymous artist1750-1900

VI59

Anonymous artist1778

VI73

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI74

Jean Huber1768-1775

VI75

Jean Huber1768-1775

VI76

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI77

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI78

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI80

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI81

Jean Huber1773-1775

VI82

Jean Huber1773-1775
VI84

VI84

Jean Huber1777-1778
VI85

VI85

Jean Huber1778
VI86

VI86

Jean Huber1768
VI87

VI87

Jean Huber1765
VI88

VI88

Jean Huber1769
VI89

VI89

Jean Huber1777
VI90

VI90

Jean Huber1772-1773
VI91

VI91

Jean Huber1774-1775
VI92

VI92

Jean Huber1765
VI93

VI93

Jean Huber1768-1772
VI94

VI94

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1772-1800
VI95

VI95

Anonymous artist1778-1850
VI96

VI96

Jean Huber1763-1778
VI97

VI97

Jean Huber1775
VI98

VI98

Balthasar Anton Dunkerafter Jean Huber1775-1807
VI99

VI99

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1772
VI100

VI100

Christian von Mechelafter Jean Huber1772
VI101

VI101

Pierre-Charles Canotafter Jean Huber1776
VI102

VI102

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1776
VI103

VI103

Jean Huber and Jean-Daniel Huber1770-1772
VI111

VI111

Jean Huber1755-1770
VI112

VI112

Jean Huber1768
VI113

VI113

Jean Huber1760-1765
VI114

VI114

Jean Huber1775
VI115

VI115

Jean Huber1760-1765
VI116

VI116

Jean Huber1768
VI117

VI117

Jean Huber1768

VI119

Jean Huber1786

VI120

Jean Huber1765-1770

VI121

Jean Huber1760

VI122

Jean Huber1760
VI123

VI123

Jean Huber1772
VI124

VI124

Jean Huber1761-1762
VI127

VI127

Anonymous artistafter Jacob Folkema1780
VI138

VI138

Madame Lamothe1805
VI142

VI142

Nicolas-François Le Vachezafter Jean Huber1778
VI143

VI143

Nicolas-François Le Vachezafter Jean Huber1778
VI144

VI144

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1778
VI145

VI145

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1778
VI219

VI219

Anonymous artistafter Ouden1784-1800
VI221

VI221

Auvrestafter Jean Huber1780-1820
VI309

VI309

Louis Thomas Raban1828
VI310

VI310

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1780
VI311

VI311

Anonymous artist1778
VI347

VI347

Espérance Langlois and Pierre Périauxafter Jean Huber1821
VI350

VI350

Jean-François Villain and Coteauafter Jean Huber1826
VI391

VI391

Vincent Bedos1778-1850
VI430

VI430

Jean Huber1768
VI448

VI448

Jean Huber1770-1778
VI538

VI538

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1798
VI539

VI539

Anonymous artistafter Jean Huber1800-1850
VI548

VI548

Reinier Vinkeles1797
VI562

VI562

Thomas Hollowayafter Jean Huber1789
VI564

VI564

Anonymous artist1760-1800
VI611

VI611

Anonymous artist1778-1850
VI633

VI633

Anonymous artistafter Nicolas-François Le Vachez1778

VI636

Anonymous artist1750-1830

VI686

Jean Huber1750-1800

In his lifetime, Voltaire was portrayed by some of the finest artists of the period, among them Nicolas de Largillière (1656–1746) (VI7), Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne (1704–1778) (VI17), and Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (1714–1785) (VI24). Their works displayed great technical mastery – Pigalle’s Voltaire nu even daring innovation – yet none became influential prototypes. In this respect, Largillière, Lemoyne, and Pigalle were eclipsed by the Genevan autodidact Jean Huber (1721–1786), Voltaire’s most prolific and, in the long run, most influential portraitist. Though a minor artist by conventional standards, Huber had a far sharper instinct for what makes an image iconic.

A soldier in his youth, Huber only turned seriously to art in the mid-1750s, just as Voltaire settled in Geneva.1 The timing was not coincidental: Voltaire became the central focus of his work and remained so until the philosophe’s death. Their association2 offered clear practical advantages: Voltaire’s fame guaranteed Huber a steady stream of commissions and introduced him to influential figures such as Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm (1723–1807), who would become his most dedicated patron and publicist, regularly reviewing his work in the Correspondance littéraire. But their partnership was also conceptual. From the outset, Huber’s primary artistic concern was the expression of character, and Voltaire – with his expressive features, striking appearance, and anecdotal lifestyle – offered the perfect subject. Over the course of their twenty-three-year collaboration, Huber produced countless cut-outs, paintings, drawings, and etchings, which together shaped an image of Voltaire that has endured to the present day.

Cut-outs

Lack of formal training remained a limitation throughout Huber’s career, but it also granted him great freedom in technique, subject matter, and media. It is fitting, then, that he gained early recognition in the unconventional art form that would later come to be known as the silhouette.

Although silhouettes only became widely fashionable in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries,3 Huber was producing them as early as the 1750s, leading Garry Apgar to suggest that he may have invented the form.4 Cut from paper or playing cards, either from life or from memory, Huber’s silhouettes were made without preliminary sketches and were intended to be viewed against light so that their shadows projected onto a wall or curtain.5 Apgar counted 115 surviving cut-outs by Huber, 18 of which depict Voltaire, though many more were surely made.6 Grimm described Huber’s virtuosity in one of his many passages on the artist in the Correspondance littéraire:

He had, for example, such a habit of making Voltaires that he cut them with his hands behind his back; or he dispensed with scissors entirely and, by tearing a card in various directions, presented you with the image of the Patriarch of Ferney. At another time he took a piece of bread crumb and, offering it to his dog in various ways, made use of the animal’s mouth to produce a portrait of the Patriarch. He was inexhaustible in inventing new subjects, many of them very piquant.7

Huber distributed the “Voltaires” among friends and admirers of the philosophe. Two standing silhouettes (VI121 and VI122), for instance, belonged to George Keate (1729–1797), and another (VI123) to Marquise du Deffand (1696–1780), who later sent it to Horace Walpole (1717–1797).8

Huber’s cut-outs are, in many ways, the purest expression of his talent. The challenge of the medium lay in conveying character with the barest means – the outline of the figure. Their comic and expressive force therefore depended on minute details: the hooked nose (VI116), the stooped back (VI115), the dangling slipper (VI111), the awkward dance step (VI114). Spotting and capturing such traits demanded intense observation and a precise eye for human idiosyncrasy.9

The task was even more demanding in narrative scenes,10 where the contour had to communicate not only individual character, but also relationships, action, and setting – in other words, to tell a story. Seen in this light, perhaps the pinnacle of Huber’s achievement in the medium is Voltaire s’élançant dans les airs sur Pégase (VI117). The cut-out shows Voltaire astride a galloping Pegasus, urging the winged horse forward with a whip. The comic message is clear: impatient to reach immortality, Voltaire does not hesitate to spur on the divine creature. With the simplest means, the silhouette tells a story, but it is also emblematic in itself – unique, memorable, and instantly recognisable.

The difficulty of telling a story by means of a simple outline was acknowledged by Grimm:

And my cutter from Geneva, do you think I would place him below those people? When I see that with a pair of scissors and a piece of vellum he knows how to create pictures in which the drawing, the idea, the composition, the character of the figures, the different planes and groups are all equally astonishing, I remain dumbstruck. The greatest artists have had their equals; this man is alone in his class and perhaps always will be.

Do you remember that Voltaire whom Henry IV leads to the Temple of Glory, raised on a mountain, from which on the other side one sees the Frérons and the other caterpillars of Parnassus tumbling down? The merit of the hero and his bard in antique dress, his head crowned with laurels, is the least remarkable part of this cut-out; but do you remember that air, at once moved, humble and eager, of the poet? He runs like the devil to reach the summit of the mountain, and yet seems to be drawn there in spite of himself by the king holding him by the hand. One sees that he says to the king: Domine, non sum dignus, and that he thinks: ‘Ah! you cannot lead me too fast.’ This is first of all a very subtle and very original idea; but to render it in a piece of vellum cut with scissors, without pencil, without colour, without relief, is a prodigy one must see to believe. My friend, I shall never in my life forgive the Abbé Galiani for having stolen this cut-out from me, and even less for later losing it.

[…] True, a piece of cut vellum is far from the durability of marble; but Bouchardon and Huber belong to the same family.11

Huber created cut-outs of Voltaire in nearly every conceivable pose and situation: seeing a vision of Henry IV (VI112), sitting (VI111), standing (VI121), dancing (VI114), playing chess (VI120), contemplating a crucifix (VI116), and confronting Death (VI118). Over time, these cut-outs started to form a narrative cycle, which Huber referred to in his letters as the “Voltairade”.12

Voltairiade

In 1763, Huber wrote to Grimm:

Given all you say about my cut-outs, you would deserve that I send you the Volteriade, but the scissors no longer want to serve an infidel who has sacrificed them to pencils.13

It was most likely Grimm who suggested that the cycle be executed in paint and who secured a commissioner – Empress Catherine II of Russia, for whom he served as art dealer.

Six years later, in 1769, the Correspondance littéraire announced:

M. Huber, known for his cut-outs, has for some time abandoned his scissors to devote himself to painting, in which he has also succeeded. Some time ago he proposed to Her Imperial Majesty to depict M. de Voltaire’s private life in a series of paintings, and this proposal having been approved, he is presently occupied with this work. For his first attempt he sent to the Empress the painting of the reception of the imperial embassy at the château of Ferney.

The Patriarch, exhausted, with barely a breath of life left, lies in his bed. He is told of the Russian prince, bearer of the precious marks of august Catherine’s benevolence; the Patriarch raises himself up, receives him, moved with respect and gratitude, and regains the fire of his earliest youth. Such is the idea of the first painting, which was sketched in very few days. The Patriarch’s life being highly varied, M. Huber will have a vast field before him. There is not a moment in his day that is not interesting and picturesque.14

Catherine received the (now lost) painting by 26 April 176915 and was highly pleased, immediately anticipating more works. Yet the pace of production fell short of her expectations. A year later she wrote to Voltaire:

There is one [painting] that always gives me great pleasure when I look at it; it is the one you sent me a year ago. This Mr Huber has promised me several others through an intermediary, but apparently he makes only one a year, and so far I am in possession of only two. However, the subjects he chooses are so interesting that I very much wish my collection to be complete.16

By autumn 1772, in line with Catherine’s calculation of one painting per year, Huber had completed four more: Sainte Cène du Patriarche (VI93), Déjeuner du Patriarche (VI75), a version of Voltaire et les paysans (VI103),17 and Le Lever du Patriarche (VI74). He then took the paintings to Paris, where he travelled to seek medical advice for his son François, who was losing his sight.18 Ever eager to promote the artist, Grimm publicised the works in the Correspondance littéraire.19 As there are at least two smaller-scale copies of Le Lever du Patriarche20 and three oil-on-panel variations on Voltaire et les paysans,21 it seems that Parisian collectors readily ordered copies of the scenes he described.22

Grimm’s notice may also have reminded Catherine of the unfinished cycle. On 25 January 1773, Alexandr Mikhaylovitch Golytsyn (1718–1783), wrote to him noting that the Empress was still waiting for the rest of the paintings.23 Grimm replied that he had taken “the most solemn engagements with M. Huber to have him work on this series with all possible promptness and accuracy”.24 As Grimm was preparing to leave for Russia (where he stayed from 1773 to 1774),25 he took Sainte Cène du Patriarche with him from Paris, hoping to “personally deliver this offering.”26

A few months later, Grimm assured Golytsyn that Huber is “locked up all day with his canvases and his palette”, and, as proof, quoted a letter in which Huber outlined the project:

My work is progressing. There are eight paintings, four finished and four sketched. Four more will make the dozen that will form the first shipment while I await further orders. Only show the painting you deliver… to the Empress alone… as a sample of a painting executed to her orders, which would have taken twelve times the time I spent on it to complete properly. Simply refuse to hand it over – that is all the trickery I ask of you. The others, I hope, will not need it. The first four paintings: Domestic Life. The next four: Equestrian Life. The remaining four: Theatrical Scene. Then will come Rustic Life, and then the snails, etc., etc., etc. The little kiosk will contain all this. This kiosk will be in a garden, in every possible way.27

This eccentric letter is revealing not only for its tone but also for the conception of the series it outlines. The cycle was to consist of twelve paintings, divided into three groups: Domestic Life, Equestrian Life, and a “miscellaneous” group containing subjects that did not fit the first two categories. That an entire group was devoted to horses reflects Huber’s lifelong passion for them – he painted horses throughout his career and, late in life, began writing a natural-history treatise on the species.28 Equally curious is that Huber imagined the series displayed in a garden pavilion – a comic, if unintended, parallel to Jean-Honoré Fragonard’s The Progress of Love, created around the same time for Madame du Barry’s garden pavilion at Louveciennes.29 Whether the idea was Huber’s or Catherine’s remains unclear.

If we trust Huber, who later complained to François Tronchin (1704–1798) that he had not been granted sufficient time,30 the twelve paintings were completed within six months. For reasons unknown, though likely connected to the complexities of shipping them to Russia, the works remained in a crate for more than a year, in which time, to Huber’s horror, they deteriorated. He wrote to Grimm:

If I often thought of you with anxiety, I thought of my paintings only with disgust. […] There are only two in the crate to which I grant mercy, the Café and the Lever; the others were tormented and varnished on top, so that they will have yellowed – what a marvel – after fourteen or fifteen months of deprivation of air. I do not know where my head was when I made these wretched things. Except for Voltaire’s character, which is found in all the sketches, the rest is worthless, because everything was done by trial and error, as is natural.

It would take three or four months to compose, draw, and finish each painting, all the models placed at once, casting shadows and reflections upon one another, the background at the same time as true as the figures – a thing neglected by history painters. And a single well-rendered slipper from nature makes me vomit everything I did from memory. If you really need to respond to the great Catherine, say that I acted out of obedience, and that I refuse the work out of respect.31

By 1775, at Tronchin’s initiative,32 the yellowed paintings were restored, and finally dispatched to Russia, despite Huber’s clear dissatisfaction with the outcome. Catherine ordered that they be taken to Tsarskoe Selo and locked away until her arrival, insisting that no one see them beforehand.33 She also asked Grimm to prepare descriptive notes, fearing that without them the paintings would not be fully intelligible.34

Grimm’s description, rediscovered by Sergey Karp,35 reveals how the original conception had evolved:

1. Voltaire as Parish Lord [VI72] – red coat with braid, formal wig, and holding his cap in hand.2. Voltaire in Meditation [VI73] – wearing a blue dressing gown, with his papers in front of him.3. Voltaire in a Grey Dressing Gown – demonstrating the immortality of the soul by the experiment of snails cut into pieces. The author (Huber) says in his second letter that only the head of this painting is good.4. The Patriarch Rising [VI74] – he jumps into his breeches while dictating to his secretary. This painting and the next one are the only ones Huber praises in his letter. This drawing was stolen and later engraved with malicious verses against the Patriarch, which considerably annoyed Huber regarding his pictorial experiments.5. The Patriarch’s Breakfast [VI75] – the author calls this ‘The Coffee’, but I say it’s chocolate. What is certain is that the Patriarch is having breakfast while telling a story to the amiable Agathe, who modestly lowers her eyes.6. A Presentation [VI76] – Voltaire receiving a foreign visitor who is brought to him and pretending to be dying. The author calls this ‘The Visit’ in his second letter.7. The Wood Thief [VI77] – one day a man cutting wood on the Patriarch’s land was brought before him, and believing himself lost, threw himself at his feet. The Patriarch, to reassure him, also throws himself to the ground.8. Voltaire the plantomane [VI78] – one word about this painting is in Huber’s second letter. One of the Patriarch’s feet is hidden under a splash of paint that must be removed; I dared not touch it.9. Voltaire Playing Chess with Father Adam [VI79] – excellent expression.10. The Patriarch Driving a Cabriolet [VI80] – about to overturn while passing over a pile of stones.11. The Patriarch Taking a Riding Lesson [VI81] – his squire adjusts his legs.12. The Patriarch in Anger [VI82] – correcting a kicking horse with a series of kicks.36

Of the twelve works, nine are preserved today in the Hermitage (VI74, VI75, VI76, VI77, VI78, VI79, VI80, VI81, VI82). Voltaire en seigneur de paroisse(VI72) was identified by Karp in the Versailles collection. Voltaire méditant is lost but survives in a ricordodrawing in the British Museum and an oil-on-panel version in the Vatican Museums (VI73). Voltaire en robe de chambre griseis lost without trace.

The paintings now fall into three groups, different from those Huber once proposed: portraits (the three works not in the Hermitage),37 smaller (52 x 44 cm) indoor multi-figure scenes (VI74, VI75, VI76, VI79), and larger (62 x 51 cm) outdoor multi-figure scenes (VI78, VI80, VI81, VI82). Le voleur du bois (VI77) serves as a kind of a transitional piece between the “indoor” and “outdoor” groupings. This newly achieved formal coherence reflects Huber’s wish for the paintings to “cast shadows and reflections upon one another”. Whether the earlier Réception de l'ambassade impériale au château de Ferney, Voltaire et les paysans, and the Sainte Cène du Patriarche were intended to supplement the cycle or were conceived as independent works remains unresolved.

Almost immediately after the twelve paintings were dispatched, Huber devised two further scenes: one outdoors, showing Voltaire administering a clyster to a dying ox; the other an unspecified “allegorical subject”.38 Catherine, for her part, also requested an additional painting – Voltaire playing Narbas in his tragedy Mérope. Huber was reluctant,39 but Catherine’s letter to Grimm of 29 November 177540 suggests he ultimately complied. Paradoxically, the Empress seems to have seen this, later, work before the rest of the cycle.

Catherine finally viewed the Voltairade only in January 1776 – eight years after the commission – yet her reaction was far from proportionately enthusiastic:

I promised to tell you the impression that Huber’s paintings would make on me at first sight, but I cannot fulfil my promise given the circumstances. When I arrived at Tsarskoe Selo, I found these paintings in a rather dark and exceedingly cold place, so that I was struck and burst out laughing only at the Patriarch’s getting up; that one is original, in my view: the vivacity of his character and the impatience of his imagination never give him time to do one thing at a time. The horse that rears and Voltaire correcting it is also very good; the confusion in the cabriolet pleased me, but tell me, what must I do for the great Huber for having yielded his paintings to me? Tell me that clearly and distinctly. The idea of the Adoration of the Magi is very amusing.41

Half a year later, she was even less impressed:

We shall arrange the great Huber’s lot when you arrive; but his paintings made hardly any impression – on me in the darkness, and in full daylight on Prince Henry; they made Sir Tom42 bark, and I could not guess why. You tell me the following remarkable words about the great Huber: ‘He is, like all men of genius, a child who must be guided by leading strings, but without ever letting him feel them. Without this precaution, the child is lost and does not always know where he is going.’43

Thus, the cycle now regarded as Huber’s magnum opus, a project he conceived and reworked for over a decade, was judged a failure by both its creator and its commissioner.

Several factors likely contributed. Painting was never Huber’s primary medium, and although not his first attempt, the Voltairiade exposes his limitations. The paint has yellowed again despite Tronchin’s 1775 restoration; throughout the series are errors no trained artist would have allowed (such as the blot on Voltaire’s shoe in Voltaire Plantomane, noted by Grimm). Scale and horizon lines vary dramatically, compromising the unity of the cycle; the backgrounds, particularly the interiors, are strikingly simplistic; and perspective is incorrect in almost every scene. More importantly, most compositions are awkward. In Voltaire Plantomane the action is dwarfed by an oversized landscape; in Le Patriarche en colère faisant une correction à coups de pied à une cheval qui rue, a massive tree trunk clutters the foreground; in Le Voleur de bois the bundle of firewood crucial to understanding the story is barely visible. These questionable compositional choices hinder precisely what Huber generally excelled at: narrative clarity. Indeed, the subject of Le Voleur de bois was misidentified for nearly two centuries.44 Catherine’s instinct was correct: without written commentary the paintings resist interpretation and their intended comic effect is largely lost.45

Prints

As, above all, a maker of viral images, Huber naturally recognised the potential of print. Even before completing the Voltairiade, he was already considering its reproduction:

Although M. Huber never knew whether the painting reached the Empress, he continued his project, and I believe that he would not be averse to having this series engraved – depicting the various scenes of the domestic life of the most famous man in Europe – if a number of amateurs were to unite and form a subscription.46

The project was soon complicated. In the summer of 1772, 47 an engraving circulated after a version of Le Lever du Patriarche, described as coming “from the cabinet of Mr Boyer de Fonscolombe a Aix” – likely Jean Baptiste Laurent Boyer de Fonscolombe (1716–1788).48 The print (VI99), titled Lever du Philosophe de Fer…x, was accompanied by scurrilous verses:

While, full of his own obsession, Instead of putting on his breeches, Voltaire gives himself up to his passion, Is it not easy for Dal[ember]t and Fré[ro]n? Dal[ember]t, to humbly kiss his backside, And Jean Fré[ro]n, pitilessly, To make of him, with blows of the stirrup-strap, A more chastened writer. 49

Voltaire was understandably furious. Writing to Marquise Du Deffand, he complained that Huber had made him “ridiculous from one end of Europe to the other”,50 and, in the Épître à Horace, composed that same summer,51 he dismissed Huber’s works as “pasquinades”, referring above all to this print.52 Huber denied any involvement in the print’s production, but he nonetheless drafted a programmatic reply to Voltaire – a kind of apology for caricature – worth quoting in full:

Will you not realise that your portrait needs shadows, that a light that no one could endure must have contrasts; that Henri IV and Benedict XIV would be far less delightful in your memory if one were always monarch and the other always head of the Church? I have told you a hundred times that I know precisely the dose of ridicule your glory requires. And in fact, during the fifteen years in which, according to you, sir, I have been working to tarnish it, it has only grown and become more splendid; it is a flame that neither the chubby army of Aeolus, nor I, nor anything strongest among blowers have been able to do anything but fan higher. But the slightest puff would extinguish my little candle, and I beg you, sir, to take heed of that.

The eagerness of the public, your damned soul, for everything that represents you, ill or well, forces me to displease you constantly. I maintain its idolatry through my images, and my voltairism is incurable. But, sir, are you the only serious being who has ever been painted without his consent? Caricatures have been made of the Supreme Being since time immemorial.

Imitate the good God, who has only laughed at them.

Read Voltaire on tolerance, and you will think it right that I continue to make people happy by multiplying you. I am without rancour, and with as much admiration and respect as ever, etc.53

With astonishing modernity, Huber understood the dynamics of celebrity and the role he himself played in sustaining Voltaire’s fame. Today, when celebrities’ private lives are continuously visible online, his insight feels familiar; in the eighteenth century, it was pioneering.54 Strikingly, Huber justified his practice by appealing to Voltaire’s own works, invoking La Henriade and the Traité sur la tolérance. He ultimately saw himself not merely as an artist but as a thinker akin to Voltaire, and Voltaire in his way acknowledged the affinity. Though ambivalent about Huber’s images until his death, he wrote to the artist several months later:

My nature is to forgive those who have made me ridiculous through caricatures, and even to love them. My nature is above all to love philosophers of whatever kind they may be.55

This episode was ultimately not just the story of a single print but a story about the making of the celebrity culture as we know it today. Recognising its broader significance, Grimm recounted the entire affair at length in the Correspondance littéraire.56

Having reached a tentative understanding with Voltaire, Huber remained determined, a year later, to reproduce the Voltairiade. A 1773 letter to Lord Palmerston57 shows that he intended to have the series engraved in England. This, in turn, casts doubts on his alleged innocence regarding the Lever du Philosophe de Fer…x , published in London by the prominent print-seller Robert Sayer (1725–1794). The English project was never carried out, perhaps owing, as Huber himself put it, to the “bad temper of the original”.58

Several years after the Voltairiade had been shipped to Saint-Petersburg, Huber returned to the idea of engraving the cycle:

Thus, we are quarrelling, which does not prevent me from having his Familiar History engraved, whose originals are consecrated and honourably lodged in Petersburg59

This remark suggests that before the paintings left Geneva he had produced copies specifically intended for print reproduction – almost certainly the large-format grisailledrawings, three of which are now in the British Museum.60

In the end, Huber never engraved the Voltairiade. He did produce an etching of Voltaire jouant aux échecs(VI79),61 along with several scenes similar to those sent to Catherine – Visite de mademoiselle Clairon à Ferney (VI96), La Chaste Suzette (VI97) [, and Voltaire et les paysans (VI105) [62 – yet these were not intended for wide circulation. None were advertised in the contemporary press, and very few impressions survive. Voltaire jouant aux échecsincludes an empty cartouche, suggesting it may have served as a trial plate for the projected Voltairiadeseries. The latter two etchings, printed from unusually large plates (33 x 23 cm and 29 x 34 cm) and bearing no inscriptions, were most likely framed and given as gifts (much like Huber’s cut-outs) rather than offered for sale.

In 1777–1778, around the time of Voltaire’s triumphant return to Paris, Huber finally produced a series of etchings that reached a broader audience. These prints – Le vieux malade de Fernex tel qu'on l’a vu en septembre 1777 (VI89), Voltaire à canne (VI109), Voltaire les bras écartés (VI110), and Vue au levant de Ferney (VI84) – however, marked a striking departure from the narrative scenes of the Voltairiade. They are portraits, devoid of any implied storyline. Perhaps the failure of the Voltairiade had made Huber realise that the depiction of anecdotes known only to insiders could not speak for themselves without Grimm’s commentary, whereas portraits could.

Consider what appears to be the earliest of the four, Le vieux malade de Ferney (VI89), which takes its title from the way Voltaire referred to himself in the final years of his life. The print contains no explicit narrative. Voltaire stands in a plain field before the Jura mountains, with cattle and peasants in the background. He leans on a thick stick in place of a walking cane and wears his signature bonnet. These rustic accessories contrast with his exuberantly embroidered waistcoat, ribbon-tied culottes, and lace cuffs. The image is gently ironic – presenting Voltaire in festive attire among cows – but not crudely comic. Voltaire is visibly aged, his posture awkward; yet rather than telling a story, these elements are used to create a recognisable and expressively charged silhouette. In these late portraits, Huber abandons the narrativism of his earlier work: they neither recount a story nor deliver a joke.63

It is fitting that the principal specialist of Huber, Garry Apgar, also authored a monograph on Mickey Mouse.64 What Huber ultimately invented was Voltaire the character, and a character does not need a narrative to make an effect – it speaks for itself. The countless images of Mickey Mouse rarely show him performing any action – he simply stands with open arms, hands on hips, or mid-step, and that alone conveys the message. Similarly, in Huber’s later portraits, Voltaire merely stands, often against a minimal background. Iconic images evolve from narrative to emploiand are ultimately reduced to pure character/emblem, and Huber’s most remarkable achievement is that he effected this evolution for Voltaire almost single-handedly.

Rather than producing a single canonical image – like Houdon’s Voltaire assis (VI36) – Huber created an entire visual universe populated by Voltaire’s countless expressions, mannerisms, and poses. The apotheosis of this achievement is his late print – or, more precisely, a series of prints – depicting (depending on the version) thirty, thirty-five, thirty-six, or thirty-seven heads of Voltaire, each with a distinct expression (VI85). The heads derive from a wide array of Huber’s works, such as the chalk-and-sanguine drawing in the Musée d’art et d’histoire in Geneva (VI86) or the cut-out watercolour in an embroidered frame rediscovered by Silvia Mazzoleni.65 In later versions, certain heads are given explicit sources (“Le Lever”) or dated (“1776”, “1768”). Still others are labelled with characters from Voltaire’s works – Don Alvarès from Alzire, Germon from Nanine, and Dubas from his late conte philosophique Le Taureau blanc.

A curious account of the etching appears in a description of Senator Angelo Quirini’s (1721–1796) villa gardens at Alticchiero, written at Huber’s request by Quirini’s lover and Huber’s friend Giustiniana Wynne (1737–1791). One of the garden pavilions, the Cabane de la folie, housed Quirini’s print collections, including the Heads etching:

No one has been able to know the Philosopher of Ferney as intimately as Huber, through long familiarity and through the genuine influence that a free and frank character gave the ingenious Genevan over Voltaire, whose admirable talents as well as his faults he knew how to appreciate. This print is a most remarkable curiosity, notable for its subject, for the engraver, and for the conception, above all since there could only be a very small number of copies. Huber placed at the bottom the name of Voltaire as the subject, and his own as inventor and engraver, and in the middle he engraved Tot capita, tot sensus[so many heads, so many opinions], which is only too aptly applied. Mr. Quirini, to clarify the meaning, wrote by hand at the bottom of his copy: [in Latin] ‘Huber of Geneva designed and engraved this, just as Parrhasius, according to the testimony of artists, painted in the most expressive way the Damon of Athens, in an ingenious way. For he wished to show the same man – changeable, irascible, unjust, inconsistent: yet also pliable, merciful, compassionate, noble, glorious, humble, fierce, fleeting – and all of this together. Pliny, Book 35, Chapter 10’66

Quirini and Wynne emphasised Huber’s ability to show an infinity of different, sometimes conflicting character traits co-existing in a single person.67 Jakob Heinrich Meister (1744–1826) made a similar point when announcing the print in the Correspondance littéraire: “They are simple sketches, real caricatures, but extremely spirited, all very different yet almost all equally recognisable.”68 The announcement appeared in May 1778. Several days later Voltaire died,69 bringing the twenty-three-year collaboration between the philosopheand his principal artist to an end. The character and the universe that Huber created, however, endured far longer.

Conclusion

Creating an iconic image requires a set of skills distinct from technical mastery. It is telling that the most influential corpus of Voltaire’s portraits was produced not by a celebrated professional but by an amateur, an artist whose paintings yellowed and whose etchings were made by instinct. Fully aware of his own limitations, Huber remained equally clear-eyed about his contribution. He knew that by capturing character and likeness in a concise, reproducible form, and by multiplying these forms, he provided the raw material from which others could create more polished works:

I write as I paint. Strokes of truth alongside unforgivable negligence. But I provide the fish; it is up to the best cook to make the sauce.70

Two contrasting episodes illustrate this dynamic in practice. In 1770, when Jean-Baptiste Pigalle came to Ferney to model a life bust of Voltaire for what would become his ill-fated monument of the philosophe (VI24), Huber reacted possessively, as if he held an exclusive right to Voltaire’s image:

I would have enjoyed myself in many ways – good company and Pigalle! He leaves tomorrow, and I will not have seen him. Has he the devil in him, to have captured Voltaire at first attempt without having studied him, observed him, imitated him, etc., etc., etc.? I thought he would be here for at least three months. The gift for likeness is not always granted to great sculptors: it belongs instead to small sensitive creatures, such as women, children and myself. I ought to be able to see it; I am interested in this matter and would like to have some authority in the work of so great a man.71

Huber’s criticism proved prescient. Pigalle’s monument was soon faulted on numerous grounds, not least because the nobility and melancholy of the face conflicted with the satirical image the public was accustomed to seeing.

Eight years later, after Voltaire’s death, Jean-Antoine Houdon produced a series of busts that achieved immediate and lasting success. Though he spent no more time with Voltaire than Pigalle (almost certainly even less), Houdon succeeded where his predecessor failed. The key was that he projected onto Voltaire’s physical features, rendered with his habitual precision, the familiar image of the patriarch, an image for which Huber can be credited. In recognition of this, Houdon sent Huber a plaster cast of one of the busts, to which Huber replied with a letter of grateful appreciation, later reproduced in the Correspondance littéraire.72

Huber, though sober in assessing his strengths and weaknesses, may never have fully grasped the extent of his influence. He did not merely supply other artists with material; he defined the way Voltaire was seen in his own time, and indeed, how he continues to be seen today. A remark attributed to Voltaire – “So it is Huber people come to see in Ferney, and not me!”73 – can be interpreted in several ways, but one reading is that visitors arrived in Ferney already carrying a fixed image of Voltaire in their minds, and this image was created by Huber.

The earliest known mention of Huber’s portraits of Voltaire dates to 7 December 1755, only a few months after Voltaire’s move to Geneva: “Enfin, j'ai pu attraper un Voltaire d'Huber, il en a envoyé à Paris où d'abord on a connu l'original, celui que vous trouverez ici n'est pas mal ressemblant.” D6617, Letter from Jean Louis Dupan to Abraham Freudenreich and Suzanne Catherine Freudenreich, 7 December 1755.Their encounter was facilitated by Grimm’s mistress, Louise d’Épinay (1726–1783). Garry Apgar, “An Anglo-Swiss Connection in the Age of Voltaire: Jean Huber’s British Friends and Relations”, in Kathleen Hardesty Doig and Dorothy Medlin (eds.), British-French Exchanges in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007, pp. 274-287, here p. 276.See Emma Rutherford, Silhouette: The Art of the Shadow, New York: Rizzoli, 2009, pp. 11-46.Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, pp. 21-38.As described by Huber himself: “Je lai encadrée entre deux verres troubles. Le cotez brunis sont en dedans. On regarde en le tenant droit devant soi-dans l’endroit le plus obscur de la chambre – les objets se peignent en noir contre le jour. Les petites pieces n’ont pas besoin de verre – il faut simplement fermer un rideau blanc et les tenir au fond de la chambre – contre le rideau blanc elle se detachent et ne font leur effet qu’en paroissant absolument noires.” Letter from Jean Huber to the Duke of Grafton, 16 December 1759, SRO, Fitzroy Papers, acc. 423, pt. IV, letter 979, folio 2v, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 49.Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, pp. 41-42.

“Il avait, par exemple, une si grande habitude de faire des Voltaires qu'il les découpait avec les mains derrière le dos ; ou bien il se passait, de ciseaux, et en déchirant une carte en différents sens, il vous présentait l'image du patriarche de Ferney. Une autre fois il prenait de la mie de pain, et, la présentant à son chien en différents sens, il se servait de sa gueule pour vous faire un portrait du patriarche. Il était avec cela inépuisable en inventions de sujets nouveaux. On en connaît un grand nombre de très-piquants.” Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 10, p. 95 [November 1772]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57843695/f106.item.r=.

Garry Apgar and Edward M. Langille, The Quotable Voltaire, Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2021, p. 145.Adam Ferguson (1723–1816) wrote admiringly of Huber’s portraits of Voltaire: “Hubert, of whose Inimitable talent you have heard, can cut him or punch him out of Cards or Crusts of bread so like that you imagine you see him and have your imagination quick filled with him.” D19183, Letter from Adam Ferguson to Reverend William Robertson, 11 November 1774.Huber cut numerous genre scenes (e.g. Le Poulailler, 19.7 x 14.2 cm, Musée Jenisch, Vevey) as well as ambitious works in the century’s most esteemed genre of history (e.g. Bélisare demandant l’aumône, 19.7 x 14.2 cm, Musée Jenisch, Vevey).“Et mon découpeur de Genève, croyez-vous que je veuille le mettre au-dessous de ces gens-là? Quand je vois qu'avec une paire de ciseaux et un morceau de vélin il sait créer des tableaux où le dessin, l'idée, la composition, le caractère des figures, les différents plans et groupes étonnent également, je reste ébahi. Les plus grands artistes ont eu leurs pareils : celui-ci est le seul de sa classe, et le sera peut-être toujours. Vous souvenez-vous de ce Voltaire, qu'Henri IV mène au temple de la Gloire, élevé sur une montagne d'où l'on voit de l'autre côté les Fréron et les autres chenilles du Parnasse dégringoler? Le mérite du héros et de son chantre en robe antique, la tête ceinte d'une couronne de lauriers, est ce qu'il y a de moins remarquable dans cette découpure; mais vous souvient-il de cet air, à la fois pénétré, humble et empressé du poëte? Il court comme un diable pour gagner le sommet de la montagne, et il a cependant l'air de se laisser entraîner malgré lui par le roi qui le tient par la main. On voit qu'il dit au roi : Domine, non sum dignus, et qu'il pense: «Ah! tu ne saurais me mener trop vite. » Voilà d'abord une idée très-fine et très-originale; mais la rendre par un morceau de vélin découpé avec des ciseaux, sans crayon, sans couleur, sans relief, c'est un prodige qu'il faut avoir vu pour le croire. Mon ami, je ne pardonnerai de ma vie à l'abbé Galiani de m'avoir volé cette découpure, et encore moins de l'avoir perdue ensuite. Trois de ses antiques ne me dédommageraient point de ce morceau, d'autant qu'il est de ceux que le bonheur d'un instant fait produire, mais que l'artiste ne saurait se promettre de répéter avec succès. Et cette découpure d'un auto-da-fé, où l'on voit sous un superbe dais le grand inquisiteur, à qui un joli page présente une tasse de glace pendant qu'on brûle les hérétiques! Eh bien! vous connaissez cent tableaux de notre découpeur à ce prix-là. Il est vrai qu'un morceau de vélin déchiqueté est bien loin de la durée du marbre ; mais Bouchardon et Huber sont de la même famille.” See Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 5, pp. 251-252 [March 1763]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5784317f/f262.image.r=huber. See also Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 5, pp. 142-143 [August 1762]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5784317f/f153.image.r=huber. For a cut-out similar to the one successively owned by Grimm and Galiani, see VI113.“Je vais entreprendre la Voltairiade – et puis d’autres sujets poétiques, serieux ou comiques. […] un petit Voltaire frappé de l’apparition d’Henri quatre. [Voltaire] ecrivoit des bagatelles et Henri les lui reproche. Jay crû avoir exprimé cela avec ces quatres coups de ciseaux Jay donné lair un peu fantome au Héros” Letter from Jean Huber to the Duke of Grafton, 16 December 1759, SRO, Fitzroy Papers, Acc. 423, Pt. IV, Letter 979, folio 2.

“Vous mériteriez, sur tout ce que vous me dites de mes découpures, que je vous envoyasse, la Volteriade, mais les ciseaux ne veulent plus servir un Infidèle qui les a sacrifiez aux Crayons.” BnN6594, f.2r, Letter from Jean Huber to Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, 16 December 1763, cited in the commentary to D11568.

“M. Huber, connu par ses découpures, a abandonné depuis quelque temps ses ciseaux pour se livrer à la peinture, où il a également réussi. Il a proposé, il y a quelque temps, à Sa Majesté Impériale de faire la vie privée de M. de Voltaire dans une suite de tableaux, et cette proposition ayant été agréée, il est actuellement occupé de ce travail. Il a envoyé à l'Impératrice, pour son coup d'essai, le tableau de la réception de l'ambassade impériale au château de Ferney. Le patriarche, exténué, n'ayant plus qu'un souffle de vie, est couché dans son lit. On lui annonce le prince russe, porteur des marques précieuses de la bienveillance de l'auguste Catherine; le patriarche se relève sur son séant, le reçoit, pénétré de respect et de reconnaissance, et retrouve le feu de sa première jeunesse. Voilà l'idée du premier tableau, qui a été esquissé en très peu de jours. La vie du patriarche étant trèsvariée, M. Huber aura un vaste champ ouvert devant lui. Il est certain qu'il n'y a pas un moment dans la journée du patriarche qui ne soit intéressant et pittoresque.” Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 8, p. 310 [March 1769]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5781462p/f323.item.r=huber. It is unclear exactly how and at what point between 1763 and 1768 the commission took shape, but in a letter of 22 April 1768 to viscount Palmerston, Huber’s wife already mentions “a score of little oil paintings that will represent various scenes in the life of Voltaire.” See Garry Apgar, “An Anglo-Swiss Connection in the Age of Voltaire: Jean Huber’s British Friends and Relations”, in Kathleen Hardesty Doig and Dorothy Medlin (eds.), British-French Exchanges in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007, pp. 274-287, here pp. 278-279.“Je Vous prie Monsieur d'être assuré que tout ce qui me vient de Votre part me fait un plaisir infini, je ne sauroit assés Vous remercier de l'envoi que Vous m'avés fait, le Tableaux de Mr Hubert y compris, s'est un vrai cadeaux. Je regretterai bien d'être privée de ce qui paraitrai à l'avenir, je crois qu'il faudroit l'envoyer en Hollande par la voye de quelque Marchand, et de là on me l'enverray ou par la poste ou d'autres occasions qui ne sont pas rare de ce pays là.” D15612, Letter from Catherine II to Voltaire, 26 April 1769.

“J'en ai un qui me fais toujours bien du plaisir quand je le vois; s'est celui que Vous m'avés envoyés il y a un an. Ce Mr Hubert m'en a fait promettre par tierçe main plusieurs, mais apparament qu'il n'en fait qu'un par an, Jusqu'içi je ne suis en possession que de deux. Cependant les sujets qu'il choisit sont si interessant, que je désire beaucoup que ma collection soit complète.” D16286, Letter from Catherine II to Voltaire, 11 April 1770.

As early as 1768, Huber’s wife noted that he had offered a version of this scene to Catherine. See Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 95.Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 90. Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 10, p. 94 [November 1772]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57843695/f105.item.r=.“Celui-ci avait entrepris de faire une suite de tableaux représentant la vie domestique du patriarche. Personne n'a jamais su faire son portrait d'une manière plus frappante. L'impératrice de Russie avait fait dire à l'auteur qu'elle acceptait tous ses tableaux, et que plus il en ferait, plus il lui ferait plaisir. M. Huber envoya tout de suite à Sa Majesté Impériale une esquisse faite en trois jours, où l'on voit Voltaire dans son lit, ravi, en extase, à l'aspect des pelleteries précieuses et autres présents de l'auguste Catherine apportés par un officier des gardes impériales. Quoique M. Huber n'ait jamais su si ce tableau était parvenu à l'impératrice, il a continué à exécuter son projet, et je crois qu'il ne serait pas éloigné de faire graver cette suite de tableaux représentant les diverses scènes de la vie domestique de l'homme le plus célèbre de l'Europe, si un certain nombre d'amateurs voulaient se réunir et former une souscription. Il a apporté ces tableaux avec lui à Paris ; ils sont tous d'un piquant infini, et peuvent être augmentés encore d'une infinité de scènes intéressantes. On voit, dans un de ces tableaux, le patriarche à table au milieu de ses disciples, d'Alembert, Marmontel, tous ceux enfin qui ont fait le pèlerinage de Ferney ; l'auteur s'y est placé lui-même, et il n'y a pas oublié le P. Adam. Dans un autre tableau, on voit le déjeuner du patriarche. Il est debout et prend son café versé par la belle Agathe, à qui il dit tous les matins : « Belle Agathe, vous charmez tous les yeux. » La belle Agathe baisse modestement les siens, et rougit. Dans un autre tableau, on voit Voltaire debout au milieu d'un groupe de jeunes paysans et paysannes assis. Il est enthousiasmé et dans l'extase à l'aspect des richesses de la campagne ; ses auditeurs ont l'air de se moquer un peu de lui. Mais le tableau qui a donné au patriarche de l'humeur contre son peintre est celui de son réveil. On le voit sortant de son lit et sautant dans ses culottes, ce qui est de vérité historique et rigoureuse, et dictant à son secrétaire placé auprès du lit et devant une table.” Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 10, p. 96 [November 1772]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57843695/f107.item.r=.Jean Huber, Le Lever de Voltaire, 1767–1772, oil on paper mounted on cardboard, 27.1 x 22.2 cm, Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, 1923-0028https://www.mahmah.ch/collection/oeuvres/le-lever-de-voltaire/1923-0028; Jean Huber, Voltaire à son lever à Ferney, before 1772, oil on canvas, 37.5 x 31 cm, Musée Carnavalet, Paris, P168. The latter copy does not seem to be painted by Huberhttps://www.parismuseescollections.paris.fr/fr/musee-carnavalet/oeuvres/voltaire-a-son-lever-a-ferney-dictant-a-son-secretaire-collini#infos-principales.Jean Huber, oil on panel, 33 x 23 cm, Private collectionhttps://www.wga.hu/html_m/h/hubejean/index.html; Jean Huber, oil on panel, 31.8 x 36.3 cm, Musée d'arts de Nantes, 401; Jean Huber, oil on panel, 41 x 52.5 cm, Château de Voltaire, Ferney-Voltaire, FER2013000336.Some of these works may have been sketches Huber produced during the four years he spent working on the canvases, but at least Le Lever du Patriarche certainly gained independent popularity, not least thanks to the engraving discussed below. Adam Ferguson wrote in 1774: “He has lately made a picture of him come out of bed standi[ng on o]ne leg & putting on his breeches dictating to his C[lerk which] makes a very fair specimen of his Way.” D19183, Letter from Adam Ferguson to Reverend William Robertson, 9 November 1774.“L’Impératrice a reçu le tableau de Huber, représentant Sa Majesté. Maintenant elle veut acquérir le reste du travail de Huber, qui représente Voltaire.” Alexandr Mikhaylovitch Golytsyn to Grimm, 25 January 1773, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 199, note 192.“[…] qui renferme les ordres de Sa Majesté Impériale touchant la suite des tableaux de la vie domestique de M. de Voltaire. Avant de partir de Paris j’ai pris avec M. Huber les engagements les plus sacrés pour le faire travailler à cette suite avec toute la promptitude et toute l’exactitude possibles et j’ai même vu trois ou quatre de ces tableaux fortement esquissés. M. Huber se trouve si heureux de travailler pour la Souveraine dont la gloire est répandue sur toute la surface du globe, qu’il n’a pas voulu me laisser partir sans me charger d’une de ces esquisses qui est arrivée ici en fort bon état. Elle représente la sainte cene du Patriache au milieu de ces disciples, ou pour parler plus simplement, le Dîner de M. de Voltaire avec ces amis, y compris le Pere Adam.” Letter from Grimm to Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Golytsyn, 24 May 1773, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 106.Sergey Karp, “Fridrih Melkhior Grimm i yego Literaturnaya korrespondentsiyav Rossii XVIII–XIX vekov”, DHI Moskau: Vorträge zum 18. und 19. Jahrhundert (2015), pp. 1-41, here p. 1.“[…] de pouvoir être moi même le porteur de cette offrande.” Letter from Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm to Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Golytsyn, 24 May 1773, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 106.

“M. Huber n’a pas attendu la copie de la derniere lettre dont votre Excellence m’a honoré et que je lui ai fait passer toute de suite, pour travailler de toutes ses forces à la suite des tableaux de la vie privée de M. de Voltaire. Toutes mes lettres de Paris me disent qu’il est enfermé toute la journée avec ses toiles et sa palette. Lui-même m’a mandé du 18 Mai ce qui suit. ‘J’avance ma besogne. Il y a huit tableaux dont quatre sont finis et quatre ébauchés. Encore quatre ce sera la douzaine qui fera le premier envoi jusqu’à nouvel ordre. Ne faites que montrer le tableau que vous porter… à l’Impératrice seule…. comme l’échantillon d’un tableau à ses ordres qu’il eût fallu douze fois le temps que j’y ai mis pour le traiter comme il faut. Refuser de le livrer, voilà toute la charlatanerie que je vous demande. Les autres, je l’espère, n’en auront pas besoin. Les quatre premiers tableaux, Vie casanière. Les quatre suivans, Vie cavaliere. Les quatre autre, Tripot théatral. Ensuite viendra la Vie rustique, et puis les escargots etc. etc. etc. Le petit kiosque contiendra tout cela. Ce kiosque sera dans un jardin de toutes les manieres possibles.’ Voilà, Monsiegneur, le plan de M. Huber, j’espère qu’il aura l’approbation de Sa Majesté Impériale et la vôtre, et je ne négligerai rien pour l’enciurager et le faire persisiter dans le dessein d’exécuter ces tableaux.” Letter from Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm to Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Golytsyn, 1773, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, pp. 106-107.

Garry Apgar, “An Anglo-Swiss Connection in the Age of Voltaire: Jean Huber’s British Friends and Relations”, in Kathleen Hardesty Doig and Dorothy Medlin (eds.), British-French Exchanges in the Eighteenth Century, Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007, pp. 274-287, here pp. 285-286.Colin B. Bailey, Fragonard’s Progress of Love at the Frick Collection, London: D Giles Ltd, 2011.“Tout cela s'est fait à la Diable en six mois de tems, et il eût falu quatre mois au moins à chaque tableau, soit pour faire les Etudes de chaque détail, soit pour exécuter et se procurer l'ensemble en réalité.” D19463, Letter from Jean Huber to François Tronchin, 7 May 1775.“Si j’ai souvent pensé à vous avec inquiétude, je n’ai pensé à mes tableaux qu’avec dégoût. J’avois renoncé à l’idée de les faire paraitre tells qu’ils sont, dans un pays où l’on a tous les beaux cabinets de l’Europe. Il n’y en a que deux dans la caisse auxquels je fasse grace, le Caffé et le Lever ; les autres ont été tourmentés et encaissés frais par dessus le marché, en sorte qu’ils auront jauni que c’est une merveille, pendant quatorze ou quinze mois de privation d’air. Je ne sais où j’avais la tête quand j’ai fait ces miseres-là. Sauf le caractere de Voltaire qui se retrouve dans tous les croquis l’accessoire ne vaut pas le diable, parce que tout est fait de pratique et tâtonné comme de raison. Il faudrait employer trois ou quatre mois à composer, dessiner et finir chaque tableau, tous les modeles placés à la fois, portant les uns sur les autres des ombres et des reflets, le fonds en même temps aussi vrai que les figures, chose négligée par les peintres d’histoire. Et un mot une pantouffle bien rendue d’après nature me fait vomir tout ce que j’ai fait de tête. Si vous avez réellement une réponse à faire à la grande Catherine, dites que j’ai opéré par obéissance, et que je refuse l’œuvre par respect.” Letter from Jean Huber to Grimm, ca. March 1775, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, p. 97.In his letter to Tronchin from 7 May 1775, Huber thanks him for that: “Vous m'avez rendu encore un service dont vous ne me dites mot. Vous avez nettoyé et maquignonné mes croûtes, que Grimm a fait partir contre vents et marée. Je vous suis tendrement obligé de vos bontez mais je pense, comme vous pensez sûrement, que l'objet n'en valoit pas la peine.” D19463, Letter from Jean Huber to François Tronchin, 7 May 1775.“J’ai donné mes ordres déjà pour que dès l'arrivée des tableaux du grand Huber à Pétersbourg, ils soient tout de suite envoyés à Tsarsko-Sélo, et là-bas autre ordre de les dépaqueter, de les encadrer et de les enfermer dans une chambre, sans les laisser voir à âme qui vive avant mon arrivée; et je vous ferai une description naïve de l’effet que j’en ressentirai à la première vue, puisque vous me paraissez curieux de cette circonstance.” 02972, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm, 30 June 1775https://catcor.seh.ox.ac.uk/id/letter-02972.“Les tableaux appartenants à S. M. I. fabriqués par Huber seront les bienvenus, mais pourquoi n’entamez-vous point leur description, quoique, depuis que je suis ici, vous me la promettiez à chaque poste. Ecoutez, philosophe, sans vos descriptions je n’entendrai rien peut-être à vos tableaux; je vous prie au moins de me l’envoyer vers le temps que je serai de retour à Pétersbourg, où ces tableaux m’attendront, car je crains de les faire venir ici.” 02970, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm, 29 April 1775https://catcor.seh.ox.ac.uk/id/letter-02970.See Sergey Karp, Sud’ba Volteriady Jana Gubera, Moscow: Nauka, 2019.

“1. Un Voltaire en seigneur de paroisse, habit rouge galonné, perruque de gala et son bonnet à la main.

2. Un Voltaire méditant, en robe de chambre bleue, avec ses papier devant lui.

3. Un Voltaire en robe de chambre grise, démontrant l’immortalité de l’ame par l’expérience des limaçons coupés en morceaux. C’est de ce tableau que l’auteur dit dans sa seconde lettre qu’il n’y a que la tête qui soit bonne.

4. Le Lever du Patriarche. Il saute dans ses culottes en dictant à son secretaire. C’est à ce tableau et au suivant que l’auteur fait grace dans sa lettre. Ce dessin lui a été vole et grave ensuite avec de méchans vers dessous, contre le Patriarche, ce qui n’a pas peu contribué à lui donner l’humeur contre les essais pittoresques du grand Huber.

5. Le Déjeuner du Patriarche. C’est celui que l’auteur appelle le Caffé. Moi je dis que c’est du chocolat. Ce qu’il y a de sûr c’est que le Patriarche déjeunant en conte à l’aimable Agathe qui baisse modestement les yeux.

6. Une Présentation. Votlaire recevant un étranger qu’on lui amene, et faisant le moribond. L’auteur appelle dans sa seconde lettre le Tableau de la Visite.

7. Le Voleur de bois. On amena un jour au Patriarche un homme qui coupait du bois chez lui, et qui se croyant perdu, se jetta à ses pieds. Le Patriarche, pour le rassurer, se jette aussi à terre.

8. Voltaire Plantomane. Il est dit un mot de ce tableau dans sa seconde lettre. Un des pieds du Patriarche se trouve cache sous une éclaboussure de couleur qu’il faut ôter; je n’ai osé y toucher.

9. Voltaire jouant aux echecs avec Pere Adam. Mine excellente.

10. Le Patriarche menant un cabriolet et sur le point de verser en passant sur un tas de pierres.

11. Le Patriarche prenant une leçon d’équitation. Son écuyer lui place les jambes.

12. Le Patriarche en colere faisant une correction à coups de pied à une cheval qui rue.” Liste des Tableaux du grand Huber, qui se trouvent dans la caisse adressée à Messieurs Robert et Jean Hay et Compagnie à Pétersbourg pour Sa Majesté Impériale, РГАДА, ф. 30, оп. 1, ном. 10, Письма барона Мельхиора Гримма к императрице Екатерине II, ч. 3, л. 6-6об, cited in Sergey Karp, Sud’ba Volteriady Jana Gubera, Moscow: Nauka, 2019, pp. 13-16.

One of the versions of the Vue au levant de Ferney (VI84) etching – see Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, E 2015-0371https://www.mahmah.ch/collection/oeuvres/portrait-de-voltaire/e-2015-0371 – is signed “échappé de vue de Fernex calquée sur un des Tableaux de Mr Huber qui sont a Petersburg”, suggesting that there may have been one more portrait in the group.“Lieu est historique. A peine nôtre homme se vit seigneur de terre et Patriarche, qu'il se mit à lire tout ce qu'on a écrit sur la Maison Rustique. Un Bœuf tomba malade à Tournex. Il se transporta le livre en main dans L'Etable et fit donner un Lavement dont j'ay oublié le succès. Or voici ce que cela fournit, Le Beuf mourrant dans la Place Principale, des Paysans faisans des efforts pour le mettre sur Pied, Une fermière qui s'arrache les cheveux. Le Patriarche bien éclairé et tout près du sujet principal tient un livre de la main droite, et indique vivement Père Adam pour exécuteur, à un Petit garçon qui porte une seringue immense. Père Adam fait un geste d'Apologie, d'étonnement du Choix, Mais la Main gauche de Voltaire n'en démord pas, ni n'en démordra tant qu'existera le Tableau. Quelques Personnes voudroient que Madme Denis fût préposée à soulever la queüe du Bœuf. J'aime mieux la joindre se tenant les Côtez de rire, dans un grouppe de femmes à l'entrée du Tabernacle. L'échappée du fonds sera ce que l'on apperçoit des glacières depuis Tournex par une Porte de Grange. Le sujet exécuté d'après Nature, est très riche en effets. Les hommes qui s'efforcent de lever le Bœuf offrent de belles attitudes. Le Bœuf lui même, peint d'après un Bœuf mort et plié dans le sens requis, seroit le morceau le plus précieux traitté par un Vanderfelde. Je veux m'y mettre tout de bon et j'espère que ce Tableau fera excuser tous les autres. Je vous diray une autre fois l'autre sujet qui ne vaut pas celui ci parce qu'il est un peu Allégorique, et que je n'aime pas tant l'Allégorie en Peinture.” D19463, Letter from Jean Huber to François Tronchin, 7 May 1775.“Grimm me demande un Voltaire Joüant la Tragédie, Mais Je n'ay point de tact pour le costume, ni les fonds, ni les Lampions du Théâtre, et ce tableau seroit tout au plus un fruit forcé dans une serre chaude, ce qui me glace à y penser.” D19463, Letter from Jean Huber to François Tronchin, 7 May 1775.“Vous avez deviné juste: Narbas Voltaire ou Voltaire Narbas m’a fait rire; je vous ai beaucoup d’obligations de vous en être privé pour me l’envoyer. Huber fera ce qu’il voudra; ce que je tiens de son ouvrage, est enfermé sous – à Tsarsko-Sélo, et m’y attend: je partirai d’ici à la mi-décembre.” 02978, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm, 29 November 1775https://catcor.seh.ox.ac.uk/id/letter-02978.

“Je vous ai promis de vous conter l'impression que la première vue des tableaux de Huber ferait sur moi, mais je ne saurais accomplir ma promesse vu les circonstances. A mon arrivée à Tsarsko-Sélo j'ai trouvé ces tableaux dans un endroit assez sombre et excessivement froid, de façon que je n'ai été frappée et que je n'ai éclaté de rire qu'au lever du patriarche; celui-là est original selon moi: la vivacité de son caractère et l'impatience de son imagination ne lui donnent pas le temps de faire une chose à la fois. Le cheval qui rue et Voltaire qui le corrige est très bien encore; la distraction du cabriolet m'a plu, mais que faut-il que je fasse pour le grand Huber pour m'avoir cédé ses tableaux? Dites-moi cela nettement articulé. L'idée de l'adoration des mages est très plaisante” D19894, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm, 20 / 31 January 1776. It is unclear which painting Catherine meant by the “adoration des mages”. It may have been VI77, whose composition echoes the iconography of the biblical scene, or the “allegorical subject” that Huber planned to add to the series. It may also have been a painted version of the Nativité cut-out that Grimm described in the Correspondance littéraire in 1772 – see Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 10, p. 95 [November 1772]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57843695/f106.item.r=.

By “Sir Tom”, Catherine means Sir Thomas Anderson, her favourite English greyhound. “Prince Henry” refers to Prince Henry of Prussia (1726–1802), who was visiting her at Tsarskoye Selo from 16/27 April to 14/25 June of that year. Sergey Karp, Sud’ba Volteriady Jana Gubera, Moscow: Nauka, 2019, p. 30.

“Nous arrangerons le lot du grand Huber quand vous serez arrivé; mais ses tableaux n’ont fait guère d’effet, dans l’obscurité, sur moi et au grand jour sur le prince Henri; ils ont fait aboyer sir Tom, et je n'ai pu deviner pourquoi. Vous me dites du grand Huber ces paroles remarquables:

Il est, comme tous les hommes de génie, un enfant qu’il faut mener par les lisières, mais sans jamais les lui faire sentir. Sans cette précaution l’enfant se perd et ne sait pas toujours où il va.” 02989, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm, 28 August / 8 September 1776https://catcor.seh.ox.ac.uk/id/letter-02989.

See Sergey Karp, Sud’ba Volteriady Jana Gubera, Moscow: Nauka, 2019.“Ecoutez, philosophe, sans vos descriptions je n’entendrai rien peut-être à vos tableaux.” 02970, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, baron von Grimm, 29 April 1775https://catcor.seh.ox.ac.uk/id/letter-02970.

“Quoique M. Huber n'ait jamais su si ce tableau était parvenu à l'impératrice, il a continué à exécuter son projet, et je crois qu'il ne serait pas éloigné de faire graver cette suite de tableaux représentant les diverses scènes de la vie domestique de l'homme le plus célèbre de l'Europe, si un certain nombre d'amateurs voulaient se réunir et former une souscription. Il a apporté ces tableaux avec lui à Paris ; ils sont tous d'un piquant infini, et peuvent être augmentés encore d'une infinité de scènes intéressantes.” Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 10, p. 96 [November 1772]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57843695/f107.item.r=.

See the announcement of the print in the Catalogue des livres nouveaux 26 (27 June 1772), n.p.https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Catalogue_hebdomadaire_ou_Liste_des_livr/pu0QAAAAIAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=lever%20philosophe%20estampe&pg=PA146&printsec=frontcover.The closest extant version of the painting is the one in the Musée d’art et d’histoire in Geneva – Jean Huber, Le Lever de Voltaire, 1767–1772, oil on paper mounted on cardboard, 27.1 x 22.2 cm, Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, 1923-0028https://www.mahmah.ch/collection/oeuvres/le-lever-de-voltaire/1923-0028.

“Tandis -que plein de sa Marotte,

Aulieu de mettre sa culotte,

Volt..re, se livre à son feu,

Dal..t et Fré..n n’ont-ils pas fort beau Jeu ?

Dal..t pour baiser humblement son der…re,

Et ce Jean Fré..n sans pitié

Pour en faire à coups d’étrivière

Un ecrivain plus châtié.”

“Puisque vous avez vu Mr Hubert, il fera vôtre portrait, il vous peindra en pastel, à l’huile, en mezzo tinto, il vous dessinera sur une carte avec des ciseaux, le tout en carricature. C’est ainsi qu’il m’a rendu ridicule d’un bout de l’Europe à l’autre. Mon ami Fréron ne me caractérise pas mieux pour réjouïr ceux qui achêtent ses feuilles.” D17854, Letter from Voltaire to Marie Anne de Vichy-Chamrond, marquise Du Deffand, 10 August 1772.“Je suis d’autant plus curieux de cette traduction que je m’amuse actuellement à écrire à Horatius Flaccus, comme j’écrivis il y a un an à Nicolas Boileau.” D17890, Letter from Voltaire to Michel Paul Guy de Chabanon, 30 August 1772.“Hubert me faisait rire avec ses pasquinades; / Et j’entrais dans la tombe au son de ses aubades.” Épître à Horace, OCV, vol. 74B, p. 288. In 1776, the engraving was copied (VI102) as a pendant to Dominique Vivant-Denon’s (1747–1825) Déjeuner de Ferney (VI365). This second appearance of the image and the verses displeased Voltaire nearly as much as the first, prompting an irritated letter to Vivant Denon – D19877, Letter from Voltaire to Dominique Vivant Denon, 24 January 1776.“Ne concevrez vous pas qu'il faut des ombres à votre portrait, qu'il faut des contrastes à une lumière que personne ne pourrait soutenir; qu'Henri IV et Benoît XIV seraient moins délicieusement dans votre souvenir si l'un était toujours monarque, l'autre toujours chef de l'église? Je vous ai dit cent fois que je savais précisément la dose de ridicule qu'il fallait à votre gloire. Il est de fait que depuis quinze ans que selon vous, monsieur, je travaille à la ternir, elle n'a fait que croître et embellir; c'est un feu que ni l'armée joufflue d'Eole, ni moi, ni tout ce qu'il y a de plus fort en fait de souffleurs, n'avons pu qu'allumer davantage. Mais le moindre souffle éteindrait ma bougie; c'est à quoi je vous prie, monsieur, de faire attention. L'empressement du public, votre âme damnée, pour tout ce qui vous représente bien ou mal, me force à vous désobliger sans cesse. J'entretiens son idolâtrie par mes images, et mon voltairisme est incurable. Mais, monsieur, êtes vous le seul être grave qu'on ait osé peindre sans son aveu? On a fait de tout temps des caricatures de l'être suprême. Imitez le bon dieu, qui n'en a fait que rire. Lisez Voltaire sur la tolérance, et vous trouverez bon que je continue à faire des heureux en vous multipliant. Je suis sans rancune et avec autant d'admiration et de respect que jamais, etc.” D17988, Letter from Jean Huber to Voltaire, 30 October 1772.For more on the subject, see Jean Goulemot, “Les pratiques littéraires ou la publicité du privé”, in Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby (eds.), Histoire de la vie privée, Paris: Seuil, 1986, 5 vols., vol. 3, pp. 371-405.

“Ma nature est de pardonner à ceux qui m'ont rendu ridicule par des caricatures, et même de les aimer. Ma nature est surtout d'aimer les philosophes de quelque nature qu'ils soient.” D19840, Letter from Voltaire to Jean Huber, 3 January 1776.

“Mais le tableau qui a donné au patriarche de l'humeur contre son peintre est celui de son réveil. On le voit sortant de son lit et sautant dans ses culottes, ce qui est de vérité historique et rigoureuse, et dictant à son secrétaire placé auprès du lit et devant une table. Ce petit tableau a été volé à M. Huber par un fripon de graveur qui l'a gravé furtivement, et y a mis dés vers aussi plats que grossiers, dont le sel consiste à dire que Voltaire montre son cul, que d'Alembert le baise, tandis que Fréron le fesse. Cette détestable polissonnerie se vend chez les marchands d'images, et M. de Voltaire n'a pas encore pardonné à son historiographe d'avoir été la cause innocente de cette vilaine plaisanterie. Voilà la véritable raison pourquoi il l'a fourré dans son épître à Horace comme un faiseur de pasquinades. M. Huber lui a écrit à ce sujet une lettre que je vais transcrire ici, et Marmontel, pour faire oublier les vilains vers du graveur, en a fait quatre autres pour être mis au bas de l'estampe en question [VI100]. Les voici :Du dieu qui le possède il s'éveille agité.O toi, de sa pensée heureux dépositaire,Écris. Le réveil de VoltaireEst celui du génie et de la vérité.Ces vers sont beaux, mais ils sont un peu trop sérieux pour le style dans lequel le tableau est traité; il en faudrait de plus gais et moins élevés.” Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 10, pp. 96-97 [November 1772]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57843695/f107.item.r=.“Ces mêmes tableaux seroient deja gravez si je ne cragnois la mauvaise humeur de l’Original – qui n’aime pas son effigie maigre et vieille – voila pourqoui il dit pasquinades dans l’Épitre à Horace que vous avez lue sans doute. Il faut donc tenir tout prêt en cas d’evenement – je crois ny pas perdre les fraix considerable que me fera cette entreprise – et que l’Angleterre m’en remboursera une bonne partie. Je vous prie en attendant, My Lord – de l’annoncer comme le seul moyen d’avoir la vraye resemblance de Voltaire, en tout les sens possibles. De plus habiles n’ont pas assez pratiqué l’Original pour en avoir le tact, chose absolument necessaire à l’expression.” Letter form Huber to Lord Palmerston, winter 1773, cited in Garry Apgar, L'art singulier de Jean Huber: voir Voltaire, Paris: Adam Biro, 1995, pp. 92-93.See above.

“Nous sommes donc brouillez, ce qui ne m'empêche pas de faire graver son Histoire familière dont les Originaux sont consacrez et Logez honorablement à Petersburg.” D20965, Letter from Jean Huber to Henry Temple, 2nd Viscount Palmerston, 1777 / 1778.

Jean Huber, Déjeuner du Patriarche, 1768-1775, ink on paper, 54 x 44.8 cm, The British Museum, London, 1959,0411.152https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1959-0411-152; Jean Huber, Voltaire jouant aux échecs avec Pere Adam, 1768-1775, ink on paper, 55.9 x 44.3 cm, The British Museum, London, 1959,0411.151https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1959-0411-151; Jean Huber, Voltaire méditant, 1768-1775, ink on paper, 55.9 x 44.3 cm, The British Museum, London, 1959,0411.150https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/P_1959-0411-150.Jean Huber, 1773-75, etching, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, RESERVE FOL-QB-201 (105), Hennin 9198https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8409677g.Like the Voltairaide, these are humorous genre scenes drawn from anecdotes about Voltaire and his household. For the stories underlying La Chaste Suzette and Visite de mademoiselle Clairon, see Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 6, pp. 51-52 [August 1764]https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5784261h/f64.item.r=huber, and Charles-Yves Cousin d’Avallon, Voltairiana, ou Recueil des bons mots, plaisanteries, pensées ingénieuses et saillies spirituelles de Voltaire, suivi des Anecdotes peu connues relatives à ce philosophe et poète célèbre, Paris: Pillot, 1801, p. 76https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Voltairiana/aAIUAAAAQAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Clairon%20fut%20%C3%A0%20Ferney%20pour%20voir%20Voltaire%20%2C%20elle%20se%20jeta%20%C3%A0%20ses%20genoux&pg=PA76&printsec=frontcover.In terms of execution, too, these prints are markedly more formalist. Huber’s lack of professional training, which was detrimental to his painting, proved liberating in etching. His prints display remarkable freedom in line and hatching: compare the exuberant curves of embroidery on Voltaire’s waistcoat, the regular diagonal strokes modelling the shadows on his shoes, stockings, culottes, and shirt, and the delicate stippling of the sky. This unrestrained approach is further reflected in the number of states he produced. At least four different states of Le Vieux Malade de Ferney survive (Musée d’art et d’histoire, Geneva, E 2015-0370, E 2013-0430, E 2013-0431, and E 2013-0432), each strikingly distinct: Huber develops the clouds, deepens the shadows, and experiments with tonal variations – all with great freedom and, if naive, nonetheless genuine skill.Garry Apgar, Mickey Mouse: Emblem of the American Spirit, San Francisco, CA: The Walt Disney Family Foundation Press, 2015.See Silvia Mazzoleni, “Obstinément Voltaire. La redécouverte en Suisse d’un portrait par Jean Huber”, Voltaire Foundation Bloghttps://voltairefoundation.wordpress.com/2019/10/10/obstinement-voltaire-la-redecouverte-en-suisse-dun-portrait-par-jean-huber/, and Silvia Mazzoleni, Ostinatamente Voltaire. Un suo ritratto di Jean Huber ritrovato nel castello d’Hauteville, Tesserete: Pagine d'Arte, 2019.

“Personne n’a été à même de connoître le Philosophe de Ferney aussi intimement qu’Huber par une longue familiarité, par le veritable ascendant, qu’un caractère libre et franc donnoit à l’ingénieux Genevois sur Voltaire, dont il savoit apprécier aussi bien les talens admirables, que les travers. Cette estampe est une curiosité bien remarquable par le sujet, par le graveur, et par l’idée, sur tout ne puvant y en avoir, qu’un très-petit nombre d’exemplaires. Huber a mis au bas le nom de Voltaire, comme sujet, et le sien comme inveneur et sculpteur, et puis il a gravé au milieu Tot capita, tot sensus, ce qui n’est que trop bien appliqué. Mr Quirini, pour mettre plus au clair l’application, a fait écrire à la main au bas de son exemplaire: ‘Huber Genevensis invenit et sculosit, sicut Parrhasius confessione artificum in lineis extremis palmam adpetus pinxit Damon Atheniensium argumento ingenioso. Volebat namque varium, iracundum, injustum, incontstantem : eundem exorabilem, clementem, misericordem, excelsum, gloriosum, humlieim, ferocem, fugacemque, et omnia partier ostendere. Plin. lib. 35. cap. 10’” Giustiniana Wynne, Alticchiero, Padua, 1787, p. 68 (see also p. 26)https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Alticchiero_Padove_1787/qNJVAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=huber%20voltaire%20estampe&pg=PA68&printsec=frontcover.

Unsurprisingly, Huber’s print served as a case study in Johann Caspar Lavater’s (1741–1801) highly influential pseudoscientific physiognomic treatise Physiognomische Fragmente zur Beförderung der Menschenkenntnis und Menschenliebe. See Johann Caspar Lavater, Essays on Physiognomy: Designed to Promote the Knowledge and the Love of Mankind, translated by Henry Hunter, with illustrations by Thomas Holloway, London: John Murray, 1792, vol. 2, part 1. For the “analysis” of Huber’s print, see pp. 91-93https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008438257/page/n149/mode/2up?q=voltaire.“On a grave le croquis de trente ou quarante têtes de M. de Voltaire d’après des tableaux de M. Huber, de Genève. Ce sont de simples esquisses, de vraies caricatures, mais infiniment spirituelles, toutes très-differentes l’une de l’autre et presque toutes également ressemblantes. Ce n’est pas un ami de M. de Voltaire qui s’est avisé d’écrire pour légende au bas de cette estampe : Tot capita, tot sensus.” Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 12, p. 105 [May 1778]https://www.google.ch/books/edition/Correspondance_litt%C3%A9raire_philosophique/V-8es3WS1hwC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&pg=PA105&printsec=frontcover&dq=tot%20capita.Catherine II received a copy of Huber’s print only after the event and confessed that, distressed by Voltaire’s death, could not bring herself to look at it: “Seconde, j’ai reçu sous la même enveloppe les têtes dessinées par Huber; je vous confesse que depuis la mort du patriarche je ne pois les regarder. Les vers de Mad. de Boufflers en revanche m’ont fait grand plaisir.” 03011, Letter from Catherine II to Friedrich Melchior Grimm, 11 August 1778https://catcor.seh.ox.ac.uk/id/letter-03011.

“J'écris comme je peins. Traits de vérité à côté de relâchemens impardonnables. Mais je donne le Poisson, c'est au meilleur Cuisinier à y faire la sauce.” D19463, Letter from Jean Huber to François Tronchin, 7 May 1775.

“J'eusse joui de bien des manières, — la bonne compagnie et Pigalle! Il part demain et je ne l'aurai pas vu. A-t-il le diable au corps d'avoir saisi Voltaire au premier coup sans l'avoir pratiqué, ruminé, contrefait, etc., etc., etc.? Je le croyais ici pour trois mois au moins. — Le tact des ressemblances n'est pas toujours le partage des grands sculpteurs: il est celui des petits êtres sensibles, comme les femmes, les enfants, et moi. Il faudrait que je pusse voir cela, je m'y intéresse et désirerais d'avoir une autorité dans l'ouvrage d'un aussi grand homme.” D16444, Letter from Jean Huber to Pierre Michel Hennin, 24 June 1770.

Letter from Jean Huber to Jean-Antoine Houdon, 8 October 1779, cited in Maurice Tourneux (ed.), Correspondance littéraire, philosophique et critique par Grimm, Diderot, Raynal, Meister, etc., Paris: Garnier frères, 1877–1882, 16 vols., vol. 12, pp. 330-331 [October 1779]https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Correspondance_litt%C3%A9raire_philosophique/V-8es3WS1hwC?hl=ru&gbpv=1&pg=PA330&printsec=frontcover.“c’est donc Huber qu’on vient voir à Ferney, et non pas moi !” Philippe Cyriaque Bridel, Mélanges Helvétiques des années 1787, 1788, 1789, 1790, Basel: Jean Schweighauser, 1792, vol. 2, p. 514https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/M%C3%A9langes_Helv%C3%A9tiques_De_1782_%C3%A0_1786/xwFCAAAAcAAJ?hl=ru&gbpv=1&dq=Bridel%20%20huber%20voltaire&pg=PA514&printsec=frontcover.